Dementia

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Preliminary research over the past 15 years has suggested that antioxidants fight the harmful effects of oxygen, warding off blood-vessel damage and cell abnormalities that can lead to cancer.

About 12 percent of U.S.

adults - more than 20 million people - take vitamin E pills containing the same dose used in the study, and about 40 percent - almost 80 million - use supplements containing some amount of vitamin E, according to the industry.

Research released last week on nearly 40,000 healthy women showed no heart benefits from vitamin E pills.

And a study reported at an American Heart Association conference in November found that people taking high doses were 10 percent more likely to die of any cause than those taking smaller amounts.

The JAMA study involved 7,030 patients with diabetes or cardiovascular disease other than heart failure.

Patients 55 and older who took about 400 milligrams of vitamin E every day for about seven years on average were 13 percent more likely to develop heart failure than those on dummy pills.

Heart failure was diagnosed in 641 vitamin E patients, compared with 578 patients in the placebo group.

The dosage was typical of vitamin E pills widely available at health food stores and pharmacies but well above the recommended 15 milligrams daily for adults, which can be obtained from food.

Lonn said the findings pertain only to vitamin pills, not a diet containing vitamin E-rich foods, including nuts and leafy green vegetables.

"I don...

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And a few preliminary studies suggest that performing such activities as crossword puzzles and board games can boost cognitive abilities.

But these data are not conclusive."There are actually no studies at this time showing that sustained mental engagement results in any general improvements in cognition," said Denise C.

Park, professor of psychology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.A good example of the uncertainty lies in the problem of color.

Psychologists have long known that people read words more quickly than they can name colors.

People have an especially difficult time when asked to identify the color blue if the word "green" is written in blue ink, for example.

"Brain Age" features a timed version of this activity, known as the Stroop Test.

But it's not clear whether improving scores on the Stroop Test has wider benefits."We, as scientists, suspect that this may be true, but thus far, studies have not proven this," says Park.According to Arthur P.

Shimamura, a professor of psychology at the University of California, Berkeley, the Nintendo games do target "the kinds of things older people have trouble with," such as memory and recall.

But "we just don't know how much it would help in real-life situations."Besides, mental games are just one potential tool for keeping a mind in shape.

Twenty percent of the blood in the human body goes to that organ, so maintaining good circulation is important, Shimamura said."For brain health, physical exerci...